History. Spanish language literature began in the Cuban territory with the Spanish conquest and blogger.com conquistadors brought with them cronistas who recorded and described all important events, although they did so with the Spanish point of view and for the Spanish reading public. The most important cronista to arrive in Cuba in the 16th century was Bartolomé de las Casas, a friar Nov 17, · The American Revolution was the 18th-century colonists' struggle for independence from Britain. Learn about the Revolutionary War, the Declaration of Independence and more History >> American Revolution What were the Townshend Acts? The Townshend Acts were a series of laws passed by the British government on the American colonies in They placed new taxes and took away some freedoms from the colonists including the following: New taxes on imports of paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea
American Revolution: Causes and Timeline | blogger.com - HISTORY
Cuban literature is the literature written in Cuba or outside the island by Cubans in Spanish language. It began to find its voice in the early 19th century. The major works published in Cuba during that time were of an abolitionist character. Notable writers of this genre include Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda and Cirilo Villaverde. Following the abolition of slavery inthe focus of Cuban literature shifted.
Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martíwho led the modernista movement in Latin American literature. Writers such as the poet Nicolás Guillén focused on literature as social protest. Others, including Dulce María LoynazJosé Lezama Lima and Alejo Carpentierdealt with more personal or universal issues. And a few more, such as Reinaldo Arenas and Guillermo Cabrera Infanteearned international recognition in the postrevolutionary era. Most recently, there has been a so-called Cuban "boom" among authors born during the s and '60s.
Many writers of this younger generation have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to perceived censorship by the Cuban authorities. Many of them fled abroad during the s. Some well-known names include Daína Chaviano USAZoé Valdés FranceEliseo Alberto MexicoPedro Juan Gutiérrez CubaAntonio Orlando Rodríguez Cuba and Abilio Estévez Spain.
Cuban literature is one of the most prolific, relevant and influential literatures in Latin America and all the Spanish-speaking worldwith renowned writers including José MartíGertrudis Gómez de Avellanedaamerican revolution essays, American revolution essays María HerediaNicolás Guillén the National Poet of CubaJosé Lezama LimaAlejo Carpentier nominee for the Nobel Prize for Literature and previously the Premio Cervantes winner inGuillermo Cabrera Infante Premio Cervantes,Virgilio Piñera and Dulce María Loynaz Premio Cervantes,among many others.
Spanish language literature began in the Cuban territory with the Spanish conquest and colonization. The conquistadors brought with them cronistas who recorded and described all important events, although they did so with the Spanish point of view and for the Spanish reading public. The most important cronista to arrive in Cuba in the 16th century was Bartolomé de las Casasa friar who authored, among other texts, the History of the Indies.
The first literary work written on the island dates to the 17th century, when in Silvestre de Balboa y Troya de Quesada — published Espejo de pacienciaa historical epic poem in royal octavo that narrates the capture of the friar Juan de las Cabezas Altamirano by the pirate Gilberto Girón. Cuban writing began with poetry, and there were few other significant works written in the 17th century.
It was not until that the first play by a Cuban appeared in Sevilla under the title El príncipe jardinero y fingido Cloridano "The Garden Prince and the Hypocritical Cloridano" by Santiago Pita.
It is a comedy portraying the artificial expressions of the time, with occasional reminiscences of Lope de VegaCalderón de la Barca and Augustín Moreto. True Cuban poetic tradition began with Manuel de Zequeira y Arango american revolution essays Manuel Justo de Rubalcava toward the end of the 18th century, despite the fact that Espejo de paciencia had been published a century and a half earlier. This can be affirmed not only by the quality of their respective works, but also by their typical Cuban style, which had already grown apart from that of Spain.
The ode to indigenous nature became the tone and primary theme of Cuban poetry. Among the best inaugural poems are the ode "A la piña" by Zequeira and "Silva cubana" by Rubalcava. Cuban neoclassicism ca. Francisco Pobeda y Armenteros was a poet who can be placed midway between "high culture" and "popular culture" and whose style was one of the first to initiate the process of "Cubanization" in poetry.
Soon afterward, Domingo del Monte attempted to do the same, proposing the "Cubanization" of romance. Del Monte also set himself apart by his fundamental work in the organizing and correspondence of literary circles, american revolution essays.
Romanticism matured in Cuba due to one figure with continental status whose poetic works broke with Spanish-language tradition including that of classical Greecedominated then by varying levels of neoclassicism. José María Heredia was born in Santiago de Cuba in and died in Toluca, Mexico inand besides being the first great Romantic poet and Cuban exile, he was an essayist and dramaturge.
He founded the critical and literary newspaper El Iris in together with the Italians Claudio Linati and Florencio Galli. He also founded two magazines: Miscelánea — and La Minerva Among his best known poems are two descriptive-narrative silvas: "En el teocalli de Cholula" written between andwhich admires the great Aztec ruins of Cholula in Mesoamerica and reproves pre-Hispanic religion, and "Al Niágara"which covers the imposing and wild waterfalls of Niagara and develops a new voice: the romantic "I" attributed to nature.
Other notable romantic authors were Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés "Plácido" and Juan Francisco Manzano. Among the adherents to American regionalism was José Jacinto Milanés, while Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, a distinguished figure of Hispanic American Romanticism, triumphed on american revolution essays soil and was criticized by the orthodoxy of Cintio Vitier in the 20th century.
The next milestone of Cuban poetry came with the rise of two poets: Juan Clemente Zenea — and Luisa Pérez de Zambrana —who, like Merecedes Matamoros, achieved high literary qualities in their works.
Therefore, when the Modernist generation erupted on stage, there already existed a Cuban poetic tradition, but one that could be said to lack the degree of universality that was brilliantly reached by José Martí — Foreign influences, French above all, came together in another essential poet: Julián del Casal.
Most notable in his work was the cognitive, artistic production of word as art, american revolution essays exempt from emotions, from tragedy or from the vision of death. The 19th century saw Cuban philosophers and historians such as Félix Varela, José Antonio American revolution essays and José de la Luz y Caballero paving the way american revolution essays the period of independence.
Cirilo Villaverde, american revolution essays, Ramón de Palma and José Ramón Betancourt wrote abolitionist literature. Meanwhile, a national literature flourished american revolution essays José Victoriano Betancourt and José Cárdenas Rodríguez and a late Romanticism with american revolution essays so-called " reacción del buen gusto " american revolution essays of good taste" of Rafael María de Mendive, Joaquín Lorenzo Luaces and José Fornaris, american revolution essays.
Noteworthy as a literary criticism was Enrique José Varona. The 20th century opened with an independent republic mediated by U. occupation that, with the repeal of the Platt Amendment inbegan to create its own institutions. Cuba had finished a bloody war of independence from Spain with the help of the United States, by which Cuban literature in the first half of the century continued to be marked, not only with the influx of great writers such as Julián del Casal and José Martí, the first Cuban modernists, but also with a contradictory consolidation of Spanish culture with national identity.
The American government had a positive in influence in Cuba as it helped the Cubans with the task of building a new nation. Above all, Casal was the great canonic figure of Cuban poetry at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. Before the definitive arrival of the vanguards, the s brought the development of a kind of poetry that anticipated the social and human unrest of the next decade.
In this category, Agustín Acosta, José Zacarías Tallet and Rubén Martínez Villena stand out. Acosta was the most relevant of these poets, primarily american revolution essays his work La zafrawhich poeticizes in pastoral verse the reality of working in the fields.
Acosta furthered himself from Modernism with this poem, yet he still did not enter into the radicalism of some vanguards. Modernism is considered to have ended with Poemas en menguante by Mariano Brull, one of the principal representatives of pure poetry in Cuba. Two nearly divergent lines developed in the course of the avant-garde: 1 the realist line of African, social and political themes in which Nicolás Guillén excelled and 2 the introspective and abstract line that had its most recognized representatives in Dulce María Loynaz and Eugenio Florit.
Midway between both tendencies lies the work of Emilio Ballagas, the poet who, according to Luis Alvarez, caused the neo-Baroque of José Lezama Lima. Inthe magazine Revista Orígeneswhich concentrated on both Cuban and universal topics, was launched by a group led by Lezama Lima — that included Ángel Gaztelu, american revolution essays, Gastón Baquero, Octavio Smith, Cintio Vitier, Fina García Marruz and Eliseo Diego. Other distinguished poets of this generation were Lorenzo García Vega, Samuel Feijóo and Félix Pita Rodríguez, but Lezama Lima was by american revolution essays the central figure of Cuban poetry by mid-century.
Dense metaphors, complex syntax and conceptual obscurity define the Baroque poetic environment, which consisted in a struggle to reach a vision through which life would not continue seeming like "a yawning succession, a silent tear". Lezama Lima's work spans various volumes of poetry, including Muerte de NarcisoEnemigo rumorFijeza and Dador The so-called "Generation of the Fifty" authors born between and looked to master poets "del patio", such as Lezama Lima and Florit, although they broke off in different currents, including neo-Romanticism, in order to cultivate what would by the s be the last current of the 20th century, as clearly accepted by numerous poets: colloquialism.
However, it is important to mention first the absurd and existential tone of Virgilio Piñera, american revolution essays, the Creole sense conveyed by Eliseo Diego and Fina García Murruz, the late but effective outcome of José Zacarías Tallet's book La semilla estérilthe dialogue with the common man in the second part of "Faz" by Samuel Feijóo, the intertextuality reached by Nicolás Guillén in "Elegía a Jesús Menéndez", the aforementioned conversational emphasis of Florit in "Asonante final" and other poemsand finally the then-closed intimacy of Dulce María Loynaz with her distinctive work "Últimos días de una casa" It is said that poetry began to "democratize" by exploring the "common dialogue" or that it tried to discover lyrical referents with epic notes.
The use of american revolution essays tone converged with a dose of epic style with symbolic interests, american revolution essays. This class american revolution essays poetry narrated everyday life circumstances while exalting a society engaged in social revolution. A politicized poetry began to form that avoided tropology and traditional uses of meter.
It lasted at least two decades, although it was still practiced throughout the 20th century by poets who did not change their discursive attitude. Almost all major writers and poets from the class of to Fayad Jamísamerican revolution essays, Pablo Armando Fernándezamerican revolution essays, Rolando Escardó, Heberto PadillaCésar López, Rafael Alcides, Manuel Díaz Martínez, Antón Arrufat, american revolution essays, Domingo Alfonso and Eduardo López Morales, among others were essentially colloquialists.
Notable women poets of this era included Emilia Bernal, Dulce Maria LoynazCarilda Oliver LabraRafaela Chacón Nardi, american revolution essays, and Serafina Núñez. The first class of poets the Generation of the Fifty born between and had neo-Romantic, Origenist and even surrealist traits.
These included Cleva Solís, Carilda Oliver LabraRafaela Chacón Nardi, Roberto Friol and Francisco de Oráa. The third class, born between andwere not much different from the more radical prose writers and some of them identified with such writers. Colloquialism survived strongly at least until the mids in writers such as Luis Rogelio Nogueras, Nancy MorejónVíctor Casaus, Guillermo Rodríguez Rivera, american revolution essays, Jesús Cos Causse, Raúl RiveroLina de Feria, Delfín Prats, Magaly Alabau and Félix Luis Viera.
The class of poets born between and were marked by two tendencies: those who followed the meter mainly décimas and sonnets and those who employed free verse with lines of individual ranges.
Both tendencies moved toward a formal, linguistic experimentalism, but the conversational tone was maintained as is evident, for example, in the works of Osvaldo Navarro, Waldo González, Alberto Serret, Raúl Hernández Novás, Carlos Martí, American revolution essays María Rodríguez, Alberto Acosta-Pérez, Virgilio López Lemus, Esbértido Rosendi Cancio, Ricardo Riverón Rojas, León de la Hoz, Ramón Fernández-Larrea and Roberto Manzano.
A new generation of poets made themselves known during the latter half of the s, when those born after began to publish. This generation was also identified by their diversity and existed on equal terms with the american revolution essays generations.
This was a notable phenomenon—the confluence of poets born after with many of those born in the s and s, all of whom continued contributing to a revitalized poetry, as can be seen, for example, in books by Mario Martínez Sobrino, Roberto Manzano and Luis Lorente. The stylistic and formal sign most distinctive of this last generation of poets had been decisively influenced by the poetic giants José Lezama Lima and Virgilio Piñera, to whom the majority of these poets recognize as maestros.
Other writers who reached full maturity during these times were Sigfredo Ariel, Chely LimaJesús David Curbelo, Antonio José Ponte, Rita Martín, Orlando Rossardiamerican revolution essays, Emilio García Montiel, Carlos Alfonso, Frank Abel Dopico, Damaris Calderón, Teresa Melo, Nelson Simón, Juana García Abas, Ronel González, León Estrada, Reinaldo García Blanco, Rito Ramón Aroche, Caridad AtencioIsmael González Castañer, american revolution essays, Carlos Esquivel Guerra, Alpidio Alonso Grau, Alberto Sicilia Martínez, Ricardo Alberto American revolution essays, Manuel Sosa, Sonia Díaz Corrales, Norge Espinosa, Pedro Llanes, Edel Morales, Arístides Vega Chapú, Francis Sánchez, Ileana Álvarez, Rigoberto Rodríguez Entenza, Berta Kaluf, Luis Manuel Pérez Boitel, Laura Ruiz, Odette AlonsoDolan Mor, Alberto Lauro, William Navarrete, Carlos PintadoAlfredo Zaldívar, Yamil Díaz and Edelmis Anoceto Vega.
In the s, a new current of Cuban lyric rose that broke with the colloquialism of the generation before and explored traditional verse forms and free verse with its rhythmic and expressive possibilities, in accordance with the work of preceding authors such as José Kozer. The canon of new poetry appeared in the independent magazine Jácara, particularly the issue in that compiled an anthology of the generation.
There were many young authors who participated in what amounted to a revolution of Cuban literature that distanced itself from political themes and created a clearer and more universal lyric, american revolution essays. These poets included Luis Rafael, american revolution essays, Jorge Enrique González PachecoCelio Luis Acosta, José Luis Fariñas, Ásley L. Mármol, Aymara Aymerich, David León, Arlén Regueiro, Liudmila Quincoses and Diusmel Machado.
Many of these poets belonged to the Generation of the Fifty, such as Heberto PadillaBelkis Cuza MaléJuana Rosa PitaRita Geada, José Kozer, Ángel Cuadra, Esteban Luis Cárdenas and Amelia del Castillo. The majority of the most active authors were born between andand as a general rule they adopted the conversational tone and usually distanced themselves from the themes of aggressive, political militancy. Furthermore, american revolution essays, they treated the island home with the nostalgia so typical of Cuban emigration poetry from Heredia to the present day.
Any political components were very discreet. As a rule, they did not american revolution essays a poetry of militancy against the Revolution like that which can be found in the lyrical work of Reinaldo Arenas, american revolution essays, for example. Also, varieties of form, style and content were prominent, american revolution essays, mostly because the territorial centers of these poets were more dispersed than those of the island, the central cities of immigrant Cubans being Miami, New York, Mexico City and Madrid.
Two maestros of Cuban poetry, Eugenio Florit and Gastón Baquero, were a part of this emigration, as well as Agustín Acosta, José Ángel Buesa, Ángel Gaztelu, Justo Rodríguez Santos and Lorenzo García Vega, among other figures of the national lyrical tradition, american revolution essays. Among the poets born afterespecially in the s, and who resided outside Cuba were Antonio José Ponte, María Elena Hernández, Damaris Calderón, Dolan Mor, Alessandra Molina, Odette Alonso and Rita Martin.
By far the highest figure of Cuban narrative literature in the 20th century was Alejo Carpentier — Novelist, essayist and musicologist, he greatly influenced the development of Latin American literature, particularly by his style of writing, which incorporates several dimensions of imagination—dreams, myths, magic and religion—in american revolution essays concept of reality. He won a Miguel de Cervantes Prizeregarded as a sort of Spanish-language Nobel Prize in Literature, and was nominated for a Nobel Prize.
José Lezama Lima and Guillermo Cabrera Infante were two other important Cuban novelists of universal stature. Toward the american revolution essays of the 19th century, with the publication of Cecilia Valdés by Cirilo Villaverde and Mi tío el empleado by Ramón Meza, the Cuban novel began to lose its american revolution essays. However, during the first 30 years of the 20th century, the production of novels was scarce.
Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution: Crash Course World History #28
, time: 11:27American Revolution: Townshend Acts
History. Spanish language literature began in the Cuban territory with the Spanish conquest and blogger.com conquistadors brought with them cronistas who recorded and described all important events, although they did so with the Spanish point of view and for the Spanish reading public. The most important cronista to arrive in Cuba in the 16th century was Bartolomé de las Casas, a friar Known as the poet of the American Revolution, Philip Freneau was influenced by both the political situation of his time and the full, active life he led. He attended Princeton University, where James Madison was his roommate, and planned to become a minister. However, at Princeton he became engaged in political debates with fellow students and pursued his interest in writing Nov 17, · The American Revolution was the 18th-century colonists' struggle for independence from Britain. Learn about the Revolutionary War, the Declaration of Independence and more
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