Jul 16, · Darwin’s theory of evolution 1. Darwin’s theory of Evolution Evolution is the change that takes place over a period of time. 2. About Charles Darwin Full name: Charles Robert Darwin Birth place: England Birth date: 12th February, He was the great English naturalist. His work mainly focused in understanding the life on the Earth. 3 Charles Darwin was the preeminent naturalist of the nineteenth century. His theories on evolution by natural selection created the basis for all modern studies on evolution. He was born Charles Robert Darwin on February 12, , in Shrewsbury, Shropshire England. Charles Darwin was the second son of Susannah Wedgwood and Robert Waring Darwin Jul 29, · Charles Darwin (February 12, –April 19, ) was a naturalist who originated the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin holds a unique place in history as the foremost proponent of this theory
Charles Darwin - Wikipedia
Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his book On the Origin of Species, charles darwin theory of evolution essay. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the s to the s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh ; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge Christ's College encouraged his passion for natural science. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in conceived his theory of natural selection. His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Wormshe examined earthworms and their effect on soil.
Charles Robert Darwin was born in ShrewsburyShropshire, on 12 Februaryat his family's home, The Mount. His grandfathers Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood were both charles darwin theory of evolution essay abolitionists. Erasmus Darwin had praised general concepts of evolution and common descent in his Zoonomiaa poetic fantasy of gradual creation including undeveloped ideas anticipating concepts his grandson expanded.
Both families were largely Unitarianthough the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism. Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinkerhad baby Charles baptised in November in the Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsburybut Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother.
The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in That July, his mother died. From Septemberhe joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder.
Darwin spent the summer of as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going to the University of Edinburgh Medical School at the time the best medical school in the UK with his brother Erasmus in October Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so he neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from John Edmonstonecharles darwin theory of evolution essay, a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest.
In Darwin's second year at the university, he joined the Plinian Societya student natural-history group featuring lively debates in which radical democratic students with materialistic views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science. One day, Grant praised Lamarck 's evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals. He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museumone of the largest museums in Europe at the time.
Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College, Cambridgeto study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson. As Darwin was unqualified for the Triposhe joined the ordinary degree course in January During the first few months of Darwin's enrollment, his second cousin William Darwin Fox was also studying at Christ's College.
Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to entomology and influencing him to pursue beetle collecting. Also through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany charles darwin theory of evolution essay John Stevens Henslow.
When his own exams drew near, Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley 's Evidences of Christianity [37] In his charles darwin theory of evolution essay examination in January Darwin did well, coming tenth out of candidates for the ordinary degree. Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June He studied Paley's Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity first published inwhich made an argument for divine design in natureexplaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature.
Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics.
In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick 's geology course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight charles darwin theory of evolution essay strata in Wales. After leaving Sedgwick in Wales, Darwin spent a week with student friends at Barmouththen returned home on 29 August to find a letter from Henslow proposing him as a suitable if unfinished naturalist for charles darwin theory of evolution essay self-funded supernumerary place on HMS Beagle with captain Robert FitzRoyemphasising that this was a position for a gentleman rather than "a mere collector".
The ship was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America. After delays, the voyage began on 27 December ; it lasted almost five years. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS Beagle surveyed and charted coasts.
Most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates, starting with plankton collected in a calm spell, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
On their first stop ashore at St Jago in Cape VerdeDarwin found that a white band high in the volcanic rock cliffs included seashells. FitzRoy had given him the first volume of Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geologycharles darwin theory of evolution essay, which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods, [II] and Darwin saw things Lyell's way, theorising and thinking of writing a book on geology.
The survey continued to the south in Patagonia. They stopped at Bahía Blancaand in cliffs near Punta Alta Darwin made a major find of fossil bones of huge extinct mammals beside modern seashells, indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe. He identified the little-known Megatherium by a tooth and its association with bony armour, which had at first seemed to him to be like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
The finds brought great interest when they reached England. On rides with gauchos into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils, Charles darwin theory of evolution essay gained social, political and anthropological insights into both native and colonial people at a time of revolution, and learnt that two types of rhea had separate but overlapping territories, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
He read Lyell's second volume and accepted its view of "centres of creation" of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species. Three Fuegians on board had been seized during the first Beagle voyagethen during a year in England were educated as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, charles darwin theory of evolution essay, yet at Tierra del Fuego he met "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel -beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach.
He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls. On the geologically new Galápagos IslandsDarwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to charles darwin theory of evolution essay. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food.
FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos Keeling Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. In Cape TownSouth AfricaDarwin and FitzRoy met John Herschelwho had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, charles darwin theory of evolution essay, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".
By the time Darwin returned to England, he was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by publishing a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters for select naturalists. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives.
He then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised him on finding available naturalists to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded gentleman scientistand an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections.
British zoologists at the time had a huge backlog of work, due to natural history collecting being encouraged throughout the British Empire, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage. Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owenwho had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin.
Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatheriuma near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus -sized rodent -like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara. The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodona huge charles darwin theory of evolution essay creature, as Darwin had initially thought. In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal.
On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society. The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds" gros-beaks " and fincheswere, in fact, twelve separate species of finches. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.
Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage[78] who described God as a programmer of laws.
Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Charles darwin theory of evolution essay Martineaucharles darwin theory of evolution essay, who promoted the Malthusianism that underpinned the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
As a Unitarianshe welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of speciespromoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy. Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order, [79] but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in John Herschel 's letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a natural cause of the origin of new species.
Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a " wren " was also in the finch group. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands. By mid-Marchbarely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal Macraucheniawhich resembled a giant guanacocharles darwin theory of evolution essay llama relative.
Around mid-July, he recorded in his "B" notebook his thoughts on lifespan and variation across generations—explaining the variations he had observed in Galápagos tortoisesmockingbirds, and rheas. He sketched branching descent, and then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary treein which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", thereby discarding Lamarck's idea of independent lineages progressing to higher forms, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
While developing this intensive study of transmutation, Darwin became mired in more work. Still rewriting his Journalhe took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections, and with Henslow's help obtained a Treasury grant of £1, to sponsor this multi-volume Zoology of the Voyage of H. Beaglea sum equivalent to about £, in As Darwin worked under pressure, his health suffered.
On 20 September he had "an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart", so his doctors urged him to "knock off all work" and live in the country for a few weeks. After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer HallStaffordshire, but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest.
His charming, intelligent, and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwoodnine months older than Darwin, was nursing his invalid aunt. William Whewell pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society, charles darwin theory of evolution essay.
After initially declining the work, he accepted the post in March The strain took a toll, and by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boilspalpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress, such as attending meetings or making social visits.
The cause of Darwin's illness remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had only ephemeral success. On 23 June, he took a break and went "geologising" in Scotland. He visited Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel "roads" cut into the hillsides at three heights. He later published his view that these were marine raised beachesbut then had to accept that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake.
Fully recuperated, he returned to Shrewsbury in July. Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding, he scrawled rambling thoughts about marriage, career and prospects on two scraps of paper, one with columns headed "Marry" and "Not Marry". Advantages under "Marry" included "constant companion and a friend in old age better than a dog anyhow", against points such as "less money for books" and "terrible loss of time".
He did not get around to proposing, but against his father's advice he mentioned his ideas on transmutation. Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Populationand on 28 September he noted its assertion that human "population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio", a geometric progression so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe.
Darwin was well prepared to compare this to Augustin de Candolle 's "warring of the species" of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable.
Theory of Evolution - 15,000 Years Before Charles Darwin! - Sadhguru
, time: 13:59Charles Darwin – Wikipedia
Charles Robert Darwin [tʃɑrlz 'dɑː.wɪn] (* Februar in Shrewsbury; † April in Down House/Grafschaft Kent) war ein britischer blogger.com gilt wegen seiner wesentlichen Beiträge zur Evolutionstheorie als einer der bedeutendsten Naturwissenschaftler.. Die Ende begonnene und fast fünf Jahre andauernde zweite Reise mit der HMS Beagle, die den jungen Darwin Charles Robert Darwin nació en Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Inglaterra, el 12 de febrero de en el hogar familiar, llamado "The Mount" ('El monte'). [12] Fue el quinto de seis de los hijos habidos entre Robert Darwin, un médico y hombre de negocios acomodado, y Susannah Darwin (apellidada Wedgwood de soltera).Era nieto de Erasmus Darwin por parte de padre y de Josiah Wedgwood por Jul 29, · Charles Darwin (February 12, –April 19, ) was a naturalist who originated the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin holds a unique place in history as the foremost proponent of this theory
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