Sep 03, · 1. Life & Works. Samuel Pufendorf was born on January 8, in Dorfchemnitz, a small town southwest of Chemnitz in Saxony. The region’s Protestant elector, Johann Georg, had just been compelled by the Imperial Edict of Restitution (), and by Tilly’s sack of Magdeburg (), to abandon his neutral stance in the Thirty Years War and join the newly arrived () Swedes under Franz Daniel Pastorius studierte zwischen und Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten in Altdorf bei Nürnberg, Straßburg und Jena, um anschließend zu promovieren. Die juristische Alltagsarbeit in Windsheim behagte ihm von Anfang an nicht, und auf eine Empfehlung des Superintendenten Johann Heinrich Horb wechselte er nach Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () Widely hailed as a universal genius, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the most important thinkers of the late 17 th and early 18 th centuries. A polymath and one of the founders of calculus, Leibniz is best known philosophically for his metaphysical idealism; his theory that reality is composed of spiritual, non-interacting “monads,” and his oft
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As an educator and theologian, he dissertation jena 1668 schools and advised governments across Protestant Europe through the middle of the seventeenth century, dissertation jena 1668. Comenius introduced a number of educational concepts and innovations including pictorial textbooks written in native languages instead of Latin, teaching based in gradual development from simple to more comprehensive concepts, lifelong learning with a focus on logical thinking over dull memorization, equal opportunity for impoverished children, education for women, and universal and practical instruction.
Besides his native Moravia[5] [6] he lived and worked in other regions of the Holy Roman Empireand other countries: Swedenthe Polish—Lithuanian CommonwealthTransylvaniaEnglandthe Netherlands and Hungary.
John Amos Comenius was born in in the Margraviate of Moravia in the Bohemian Crown. John was the youngest child and only son of Martin Komenský died —4 and his dissertation jena 1668 Anna Chmelová. His grandfather, whose name was Jan János Szeges, was of Hungarian origin.
He started to use the surname Komenský after leaving Komňa to live in Uherský Brod. Owing to his impoverished circumstances he was unable to begin his formal education until later in life. He continued his studies in the Herborn Academy — and the University of Heidelberg — In he read the Rosicrucian manifesto Fama Fraternitatis.
Comenius was greatly influenced by the Irish Jesuit William Bathe as well as his teachers Johann PiscatorHeinrich Gutberlethand particularly Heinrich Alsted. The Herborn school held the principle that every theory has to be functional in practical use, therefore it has to be didactic i.
morally instructive, dissertation jena 1668. In the course of his study he also became acquainted with the educational reforms of Ratichius and with dissertation jena 1668 report of these reforms issued by the universities of Jena and Giessen.
Comenius became rector of a school in Přerov. Throughout his life this pastoral activity was his most immediate concern, dissertation jena 1668. In consequence of the religious warshe lost all his property and his writings in In he led the Brethren into exile when the Habsburg Counter-Reformation dissertation jena 1668 the Protestants in Bohemia. He produced the book Janua linguarum reserataor The Gate of Languages Unlockedwhich brought him to prominence.
However, as the Unity of the Brethren became an important target of the Counter Reformation movement, he was forced into exile even as his fame grew across Europe. Comenius took refuge dissertation jena 1668 Leszno in Poland, where he led the gymnasium and, furthermore, was given charge of the Dissertation jena 1668 and Moravian churches. In Comenius responded to a request by the government of Sweden and traveled there to draw up a scheme for the management of the schools of that country, [10] [11].
After his religious duties, Comenius's second great interest was in furthering the Baconian attempt at the organization of all human knowledge. He became one of the leaders in the encyclopædic or pansophic movement of the seventeenth century, and, dissertation jena 1668, in fact, was inclined to sacrifice his more practical educational interests and opportunities for these more imposing but somewhat visionary projects.
InComenius published his Pansophiæ Prodromusand in the following year his English friend Hartlib published, dissertation jena 1668, without his consent, the plan of the pansophic work as outlined by Comenius.
The pansophic ideas find partial expression in the series of textbooks he produced from time to time. In these, he attempts to organize the entire field of human knowledge so as to dissertation jena 1668 it, in outline, within the grasp of every child, dissertation jena 1668.
Inhe responded to a request by the English parliament and joined a commission there charged with the reform of the system of public education. The English Civil War interfered with the latter project. The same year he moved to Elbląg Elbing in Poland and in went to England with the aid of Samuel Hartlibwho came originally from Elbląg. In Zsuzsanna Lorántffywidow of George I Rákóczi prince of Transylvania invited him to Sárospatak. Comenius remained there until as a professor at the first Hungarian Protestant College; he wrote some of his most important works there.
Comenius returned to Leszno. During the Deluge inhe declared his support for the Protestant Swedish side, for which Polish Catholic partisans burned his house, his manuscriptsdissertation jena 1668, and the school's printing press in The manuscript of Pansophia was destroyed in the burning of his home in Leszno in From Leszno he took refuge in Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
InComenius produced a new edition of the Bohemian Brethren hymnal, Kancionál, to jest kniha žalmů a písní duchovních containing texts and tunes. In addition to revising the psalms and hymns, his revision greatly expanded the number of hymns and added a new introduction. This edition was reissued several times, into the nineteenth century. His texts in Czech were notable poetic compositions, dissertation jena 1668, but he used tunes from other sources.
He also edited the German hymnal Kirchen- dissertation jena 1668, Haus- und Hertzens-Musica Amsterdam, dissertation jena 1668,which had been published under the title Kirchengesänge since In other writings, Comenius addresses both instrumental and vocal music in many places, although he dedicated no treatise to the topic.
Sometimes he follows the medieval mathematical conception of music, but in other places he links music with grammar, rhetoric, and politics. Musical practice, both instrumental and vocal, played an important role in his system of education, dissertation jena 1668. He would die there in For unclear reasons he was buried in Naarden, where visitors can see his grave in the mausoleum, located in the Klooster straat, devoted to him.
The most permanent influence exerted by Comenius was in practical educational work. Few men since his days have had a greater influence though, for the greater part of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth, there was little recognition of his relationship to the current advance in educational thought and practice.
The practical educational influence of Comenius was threefold. He was first a teacher and an organizer of schools, not only among his own people, but later in Sweden, and to a slight extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna Great Didactiche outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, dissertation jena 1668, and university.
In the second place, the influence of Comenius was in formulating the general theory of education. In this respect, he is the forerunner of RousseauPestalozziFröbeletc. The influence of Comenius on educational thought is comparable with that of his contemporaries, dissertation jena 1668, Bacon and Descarteson science and philosophy, dissertation jena 1668. In fact, he was largely influenced by the thought of these two; and his importance is largely due to the fact that he first applied or attempted to apply in a systematic manner the principles of thought and of investigation, newly formulated by those philosophers, to the organization of education in all its aspects.
The summary of this attempt is given in the Didactica Magnacompleted aboutthough not published until several years later. The third aspect of his educational influence was that on the subject matter and method of education, exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature. The first-published of these was the Janua Linguarum Reserata The Gate of Tongues Unlockedissued in This was followed later by a more elementary text, dissertation jena 1668, the Vestibulumand a more advanced one, the Atriumand other texts.
In the Orbis Pictus was published, probably the most renowned and most widely circulated of school textbooks. It was also the first successful application of illustrations to the work of teaching, dissertation jena 1668, though not, dissertation jena 1668, as often stated, the first illustrated book for children.
These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: 1 learning foreign languages through the vernacular; 2 obtaining ideas through objects rather than words; dissertation jena 1668 starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects; 4 giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; 5 making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task; and 6 making instruction universal.
The importance of the Dissertation jena 1668 influence in education has been recognized since the middle of the nineteenth century. The educational writings of Comenius comprise more than forty titles. In the three-hundredth anniversary of Comenius was very generally celebrated by educators, and at that time the Comenian Society for the study and publication of his works was formed.
John Amos Comenius was a bishop of the Unity of the Brethren church that had its roots in the teaching of Dissertation jena 1668 reformer Jan Hus. One of his most famous theological works is the Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart. The book represents his thinking about the world being full of various useless things and complex labyrinths.
The true peace of mind and soul can be found only in the one's dissertation jena 1668 where Christ the Saviour should dwell and rule. This teaching is also repeated in one of his last works, Unum Necessarium Only One is Neededwhere he shows various labyrinths and problems in the world and provide simple solutions to various situation.
In this book he also admits that his former believing in prophecies and revelations of those days [11] was his personal labyrinth where he got lost many times.
He was greatly influenced by Boehme. In his Synopsis physicae ad lumen divinum reformataedissertation jena 1668, Comenius gives a physical theory of his own, said to dissertation jena 1668 taken from the Book of Genesis. He was also famous for his prophecies and the support he gave to visionaries.
In his Lux in tenebris he dissertation jena 1668 the visions of Christopher Kotterus, Mikuláš Drabík lat. Nicolaus Drabicius and Christina Poniatowska. Attempting to interpret the Book of Revelationhe promised the dissertation jena 1668 inand guaranteed miraculous assistance to those who would undertake the destruction of the Pope and the house of Austria, even venturing to prophesy that Oliver Cromwelldissertation jena 1668, Gustavus Adolphusand George I Rákócziprince of Transylvaniawould perform the task.
He also wrote to Louis XIV of Franceinforming him that the empire of the world should be his reward if he would overthrow the enemies of God. One of his dissertation jena 1668, Elisabeth, married Peter Figulus from Jablonné nad Orlicí. Their son, Daniel Ernst Jablonski —Comenius's grandson, later went to Berlin in ; there he became the highest official pastor at the court of King Frederick I of Prussia reigned — There he became acquainted with Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf — Zinzendorf was among the foremost successors to Comenius as a bishop — in the renewed Moravian Brethren 's Church.
The Comenius Medal, a UNESCO award honouring outstanding achievements in the fields of education research and innovation, commemorates Comenius. Peter Drucker hailed Comenius as the inventor of textbooks and primers. During the 19th-century Czech National Revivaldissertation jena 1668, Czechs idealised Comenius as a symbol of the Czech nation.
This image persists to the present day. The Czech Republic celebrates 28 March, the birthday of Comenius, as Teachers' Day. The University of Jan Amos Komenský was founded in Prague indissertation jena 1668, offering bachelor's, master's and graduate degree programmes, dissertation jena 1668. Comenius is pictured on the Czech koruna banknote. Asteroid Komenskýdiscovered by Luboš Kohoutekis named in his honor. In SárospatakDissertation jena 1668a teacher's college is named after him, which belongs to the University of Miskolc.
Comenius' name has been given to primary schools in several German cities, including BonnGrafingand Deggendorf. In SkopjeNorth Macedonia the Czechoslovak government built a school after a catastrophic earthquake and named it after Comenius Jan Amos Komenski in Macedonian. In Poland, the Comenius Foundation is a non-governmental organisation dedicated to the provision of equal opportunities to children under 10 years of age.
In Comenius University was founded by an act of parliament in Bratislavadissertation jena 1668, Czechoslovakia, now in Slovakia. It was the first university with courses in Slovak.
The Italian film director Roberto Rossellini took Comenius, and especially his theory of "direct vision", as his model in the development of his didactic theorieswhich Rossellini hoped would usher the world into a utopian future.
Comenius is a European Union school partnership program. In Comenius Hall, the principal classroom and faculty office building on Moravian College 's campus in Pennsylvania, was built.
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