Abstract Objective: Bullying threatens the mental and educational well-being of students. Although anti-bullying policies are prevalent, little is known about their effectiveness. This systematic review evaluates the methodological characteristics and summarizes substantive findings of studies examining the effectiveness of school bullying policies. Method: Searches of 11 bibliographic Sep 29, · We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises for free. If you wish for more, our Positive Psychology Toolkit© contains over science-based positive psychology exercises, interventions, questionnaires, and assessments for practitioners to use in their therapy, coaching, or Note: Giving the rationale for each intervention is not always required as part of a patient care blogger.com section is included primarily for educational purposes. Objective. To highlight the knowledge of why you are carrying out an intervention and how the patient is expected to respond.; What to Include. The rationale for an intervention is the medical, nursing, husbandry, physiological, or
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Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. As detailed throughout this report, many of the major institutions, or settings, in which adolescents are growing up are unable to provide the guidance and support young people need for positive development. Policies that might change high-risk settings into ones that promote adolescent development have been neglected, and existing policies often diminish the viability of families and neighborhoods.
The urgent need for increased support of the major settings of adolescent life as well as very basic changes within these institutions has been argued throughout the report. The primary institutions that serve youth—health, schools, employment, training—are crucial and we must begin with helping them respond more effectively to contemporary adolescent needs. Effective responses will involve pushing the boundaries of these systems, encouraging collaboration between them and reducing the number of adolescents whose specialized problems cannot be met through primary institutions.
Even if categorical systems become more effective, however, some adolescents will continue to experience problems that transcend the response capacities of primary institutions.
For these adolescents and their families, specialized service programs may fill the gaps or compensate for failures in major life settings Schorr et al. This dissertation reading interventions reviews the experience of service programs that attempt to meet the needs of adolescents experiencing complex, often health-or life-compromising problems. for the chapter was developed through a special symposium held in New York City and attended by the directors of adolescent programs that are thought to be particularly successful in turning around the lives of young people who are caught in a web of failure.
The panel also heard from a number of adolescents served by the programs. This chapter summarizes what was learned at the symposium as well as through our review of the growing literature on this subject. There are numerous examples of locally designed and operated programs through which communities are beginning to address the risks that face many of America's adolescents. Many local efforts aim at supporting families and strengthening communities.
The commonality among such efforts is that they seek to enable and empower parents and community residents to increase their capabilities to nurture young people. Communities have also implemented a range of innovative initiatives in response to the risks that often arise from service systems themselves. The innovative strategies, and the experiences of the local practitioners that created them, may provide models dissertation reading interventions national programs and policies in the years ahead.
They certainly offer a rich lode of examples that should be drawn upon by primary systems as they evolve in response to current needs. All of the examples of "good practice" exhibit a number dissertation reading interventions common characteristics. First and foremost, their services for adolescents are comprehensive: the programs transcend categorical labels, organizations, and funding sources to bring together a coherent package of service to young dissertation reading interventions. Whether programs are offered in a single site or through interagency collaboration, the goal is to provide services that ensure that the emotional, dissertation reading interventions, recreational, academic, and vocational needs of adolescents are explicitly addressed.
Comprehensiveness also means that these programs provide adolescents from high-risk settings with the developmental opportunities that are too often missing in their lives. This chapter describes innovative programs in three broad categories: 1 strengthening families and communities; 2 improving institutional services; and 3 comprehensive service for adolescent development. We use the label "good practice" to identify those programs and interventions that have strong research and theoretical justification.
Such judgments should also be supported by evaluation research, but few of the programs have been rigorously evaluated. In other cases, new evaluation methodologies must be developed that adequately assess the quality and outcomes.
of multipurpose programs or comprehensive service systems see Chapter Assisting adolescents requires attention to the settings—families and neighborhoods—that they experience on a daily basis.
In good practice initiatives, community residents—both adults and, increasingly, adolescents—are viewed as integral resources who can contribute substantially to the change process. That is, good practice programs focus on the conditions for change—engagement and empowerment—rather than the problems per se of families, neighborhoods, and young people. They provide participants with legitimate opportunities dissertation reading interventions contribute in ways that are directly relevant to their concerns and interests.
If parents are not supported, they have a diminished capacity to support their children Bronfenbrenner, In response to the conditions described in Chapters 3 and 4many communities have implemented family support programs directed toward low-income parents.
Such parents not only suffer from economic hardship, but also face additional challenges arising from the lack of personal networks—friends, coworkers, and extended family members—that dissertation reading interventions directly to emotional distress and continued isolation from the dissertation reading interventions market Cochran, Family support programs vary tremendously, but one common feature is an attempt to "extend" families by helping parents form both functional and emotional attachments to other parents.
Most programs also dissertation reading interventions educational components, aimed at enhancing parenting skills, and many have training components to help parents enter, or progress within, the labor market.
Traditionally, family support programs focused on parent education, as dissertation reading interventions the case of Head Start, with the goal of teaching parents effective caregiving skills. Over time, the goals broadened to include a range of activities and strategies, the development of personal networks, and peer supports for childrearing and employment.
Evaluation research indicates the potential strengths of family support programs: when programs are well implemented, they are found to enhance the emotional well-being of parents, dissertation reading interventions, broaden their social networks, and facilitate child development Cochran, ; Kagan et al. There are an estimated 2, family support programs across the country, most of which are implemented by nonprofit organizations Zigler and Black, Unfortunately, only a small minority provide family support for parents with adolescent children, especially those in high school, and these programs tend to be taught in class-like settings and aimed at middle-class families.
Some of the more innovative programs not only focus on imparting caregiving skills, but also help parents cope with stress in their lives—such as fear for children's well-being—and difficulties in funding appropriate services for their children. Such programs help parents develop personal networks through which parents dissertation reading interventions help solve problems of guidance, dissertation reading interventions, monitoring, and communication Small, The increasing number of parents unable to care for their children has overwhelmed the child welfare system see Chapter 9.
Absent economic supports and employment training which are often unavailabledissertation reading interventions, a number of "family preservation" or "home-builder" programs seek to prevent the placement of children in foster care or other supervised settings. Typically, a trained case manager dissertation reading interventions a family with intense short-term counseling and parent education, arranging for a broader spectrum of child welfare, dissertation reading interventions, health, and mental health services as needed.
Evaluations of family preservation programs remain open to multiple interpretations, and their effectiveness is disputed. Some studies suggest that the program works better with families with young children, rather than families with adolescents Rossi, ; Farrow, Interagency collaboration is often necessary to provide comprehensive service to families and their children.
In Ventura County, California, for example, a project seeks to strengthen families' ability to manage and to care for adolescents with behavioral and emotional disorders by linking schools and agencies that provide mental health services—welfare, dissertation reading interventions, juvenile justice, and health.
Staff and funding are integrated across agencies to support the program, and case management ensures continuity of care. Evaluation indicates that the project decreased rates of out-of-home placement and facilitated earlier return of adolescents to their home and school when placement did occur: sincedissertation reading interventions, out-of-county juvenile justice and social services placements have been reduced by 46 percent in Ventura County U.
Office of Technology Assessment, Teenage mothers are often poor and lack the knowledge, skills, and social support needed to be good parents. Further, they commonly lack the education, training, and connections to employment. that would enable them to obtain jobs and become self-sufficient. One result is the dissertation reading interventions proportion of welfare dependency among adolescent mothers discussed in Chapter 2. Exemplary programs directed toward teenage mothers are therefore unusually comprehensive—seeking to impart the parenting skills discussed above, but also to assist the mothers over the numerous hurdles standing between them and self-sufficiency, such as job training, child care, and transportation.
Some family resource centers—for example, those operated by Friends of the Family Commission on Chapter 1—have had some success in providing essential services in a single site and offering referrals for services that cannot be provided. Two exemplary programs—project Redirection and New Chance—have been successful in the complex task of arranging necessary services. Project Redirection operated at 11 sites, delivering services to very low-income teenagers who were either pregnant or parents of young children.
It linked participants with existing educational and support services in the community and also provided direct services, including parenting workshops, peer group support sessions, counseling, and mentoring, dissertation reading interventions. In a 5-year follow-up, Project Redirection participants had better outcomes than a comparison group on measures of weekly wages, welfare recipiency, and parenting skills.
In addition, their children showed better cognitive skills and fewer behavioral problems. Nonetheless, disadvantage was still prevalent: fewer than one-half of the participants had completed high school, dissertation reading interventions, only one-third were working full time, and one-half were receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children AFDC Polit et al.
Building on the Project Redirection experience, New Chance offers similar services to highly disadvantaged young mothers. Rather than using a ''brokered service" or "case management" model, New Chance provides the majority of services in a program setting, with an emphasis on direct services to children in a developmental day care setting. Although studies of project effects are not yet available, lessons have been learned regarding the implementation of family support programs. For example, while the parenting programs are relatively easy to put into place, the implementation of employment and training and family planning components is more difficult.
Participant absenteeism remains a significant problem, requiring extensive outreach with highly skilled staff Quint et al. Dissertation reading interventions local initiatives aim not to strengthen specific families, but instead, to rebuild and strengthen neighborhoods. This approach is based on historical evidence indicating that sustained change dissertation reading interventions most readily when local residents invest themselves and their resources in the effort Cochran, dissertation reading interventions, ; McKnight and Kretzman, ; Davies, Successful neighborhood mobilization has occurred through at least four mechanisms: 1 community organizing and development, 2 collaboration in service delivery, 3 the implementation of community-based programs, and 4 the involvement of families in school governance and instruction, dissertation reading interventions.
Fundamental to each strategy is the importance of building on existing resources and engaging the people—adult and adolescent residents—typically excluded from such efforts. Community organizing and development initiatives run the gamut from simple networking and coalition building to resource leveraging.
The common focus is an effort to realign the political, financial, and institutional forces in neighborhoods. In the most distressed neighborhoods, there is often a need for residents to coordinate traditional grassroots organizing with larger initiatives in the form of community development corporations CDCs.
CDCs, often organized and funded by public-private collaborations, provide service not currently supported by government. For example, a CDC might undertake a housing rehabilitation program that renovates existing housing stock, which it then rents to citizens.
Another housing program might seek to turn the program into a community-based effort that requires potential homeowners to participate in the renovation program in many ways, from management to remodeling Leavitt and Saegert, ; Rivlin, CDCs often seek to enhance the beauty and safety of neighborhoods as a strategy for retaining residents and businesses.
In one area of New York City, for example, the Grand Central Partnership supplements municipal services with a percent security force, a person sanitation force, and an extensive program for homeless persons.
Another partnership has renovated a major park in Manhattan, providing a place for adults and young people to relax and play in safety. Other CDC programs broaden the array of services available to parents through the provision of family support and education, child care, and after-school programs Edelman and Radin, ; Leinberger, Increasingly, programs for young people are also seen as an integral part of community organizing and development efforts.
The rationale is two-sided: on one side, youth are viewed as a threat to the viability of housing and community cohesion; on the other side, dissertation reading interventions, young people are untapped resources for positive change and can often make irreplaceable contributions to their own neighborhoods.
For these reasons, some CDCs operate day care, after-school tutoring programs, child-family activities, recreational programs, employment and training programs, and counseling Sullivan and DeGiovanni, The provision of services through collaboration between federal, state, and community-based entities is another method of neighborhood mobilization.
Programs of the U, dissertation reading interventions. Office of Economic Opportunity were developed on this dissertation reading interventions. One barrier is that government agencies are hesitant to share authority with neighborhood residents, dissertation reading interventions, who are too often viewed only as prospective clients.
Nonetheless, collaboration has long been the mechanism for delivering employment and training services, and in recent years similar programs have successfully delivered youth-oriented services traditionally provided by the police, justice system, dissertation reading interventions, social services, and health and mental health agencies Spergel, ; Sauber, ; Eisenhower Foundation, Collaborative or jointly organized services can offer tangible benefits not easily accomplished through more traditional modes, dissertation reading interventions.
However, successful implementation demands concrete knowledge of the neighborhoods in which programs operate, including resource availability, past history and present conditions, income dissertation reading interventions, and cultural norms and beliefs.
Consequently, using neighborhood residents as professional staff and as members of governing bodies better ensures that the problems defined and the solutions offered are consistent with local conditions.
Collaboration also appears to enhance the attachment of the involved adults to the neighborhood, and in some studies services have been provided more efficiently and with improved client outcomes Camino, ; Cochran, ; Suttles, It must be remembered, however, that the most beneficial effect of community initiatives is likely to be on the individuals involved in the effort.
The tangible, dissertation reading interventions, dissertation reading interventions modest, achievements of CDCs benefit a small number of people and are easily dissertation reading interventions by the major structural changes in neighborhoods as discussed dissertation reading interventions Chapter 4.
The Perfect Defense: The Oral Defense of a Dissertation
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Abstract Objective: Bullying threatens the mental and educational well-being of students. Although anti-bullying policies are prevalent, little is known about their effectiveness. This systematic review evaluates the methodological characteristics and summarizes substantive findings of studies examining the effectiveness of school bullying policies. Method: Searches of 11 bibliographic A bid is a fee writers offer to clients for each particular order. Experts leave their bids under the posted order, Houghton Mifflin Reading Leveled Readers: Fo Speech 6 waiting for a client to settle on which writer, among those who left their bids, they want to choose. The bidding system is developed based on what is used in auctions, where a bid is the price participants offer for a good Note: Giving the rationale for each intervention is not always required as part of a patient care blogger.com section is included primarily for educational purposes. Objective. To highlight the knowledge of why you are carrying out an intervention and how the patient is expected to respond.; What to Include. The rationale for an intervention is the medical, nursing, husbandry, physiological, or
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