Belfast (UK: / ˈ b ɛ l f ɑː s t / BEL-fahst, elsewhere / ˈ b ɛ l f æ s t /; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland Belfast (UK: / ˈ b ɛ l f ɑː s t / BEL-fahst, elsewhere / ˈ b ɛ l f æ s t /; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland Belfast (UK: / ˈ b ɛ l f ɑː s t / BEL-fahst, elsewhere / ˈ b ɛ l f æ s t /; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland
Belfast - Wikipedia
It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom [5] and the second-largest in Ireland. It had a population ofas of [update].
By the early 19th century, Belfast was a major port. It played an important role in the Industrial Revolution in Ireland, becoming briefly the biggest linen -producer in the world, earning it the nickname " Linenopolis ". Shipbuilding was also a key industry; the Harland and Wolff shipyard, which built the RMS Titanicwas the world's largest shipyard. Industrialisationand the inward migration [8] it brought, research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58, made Belfast Northern Ireland's biggest city.
Following the partition of Ireland inBelfast became the seat of government for Northern Ireland. Belfast's status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War. Belfast is still a port with commercial and industrial docks, including the Harland and Wolff shipyard, dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline.
It is served by two airports: George Best Belfast City Airport3 miles 5 kilometres from the city centre, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles 24 kilometres west of the city. The compilers of Ulster-Scots use various transcriptions of local pronunciations of "Belfast" research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58 which they sometimes are also content [15] [16] including Bilfawst[17] [18] Bilfaust [19] or Baelfawst.
The county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in[21] and the city continues to straddle County Antrim on the left bank of the Lagan and County Down on the right. The site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giant's Ringa 5,year-old hengeis located near the city, [23] and the remains of Iron Age hill forts can still be seen in the surrounding hills.
Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The Normans may have built a castle on a site now bounded by Donegall Place, Castle Place, Cornmarket and Castle Lane in the late twelfth-century or early thirteenth-century, right in the centre of what is now Belfast City Centre.
As lords of Clandeboyethe O'Neill dynasty were the local Irish power. Belfast was established as a town in by Sir Arthur Chichester, research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58. But it was with Scottish Presbyterians that the town was to grow as an industrial port. Together with French Huguenot refugees, they introduced the production of linenan industry that carried Belfast trade to the Americas.
Reluctant to let valuable crop go to seed, flax growers and linen merchants benefited from a three-way exchange. Fortunes were made carrying rough linen clothing and salted provisions to the slave plantations of the West Indies; sugar and rum to Baltimore and New York; and for the return to Belfast flaxseed from the colonies where the relative scarcity of labour made unprofitable the processing of the flax into linen fibre.
Public outrage, however, defeated the proposal of the greatest of the merchant houses, Cunningham and Gregto commission ships for the Middle Passage. As "Dissenters" from the established ChurchPresbyterians were conscious of sharing, if only in part, the disabilities of Ireland's dispossessed Roman Catholic majority; and of being denied representation in the Irish Parliament.
Belfast's two MPs Belfast remained nominees of the Chichesters Marquesses of Donegall. When early in the American War of IndependenceBelfast Lough was raided by the privateerJohn Paul Jonesthe townspeople assembled their own Volunteer militia. Formed ostensibly for defence of the Kingdomthe Volunteers were soon pressing their own protest against "taxation without representation". Further emboldened by the French Revolutiona more radical element in the town, the United Irishmencalled for Catholic emancipation and an independent representative government for the country.
The rebel tradesmen and tenant farmers were defeated north of the town at the Battle of Antrim and to the south at the Battle of Ballynahinch.
Among surviving elements of the early pre-Victorian town are the Belfast Entries17th-century alleyways off High Street, including, in Winecellar's Entry, White's Tavern rebuilt ; the First Presbyterian Non-Subscribing Church —83 in Rosemary Street whose members led the abolitionist charge against Greg and Cunningham ; [34] St George's Church of Ireland on the High Street site of the old Corporation Church; and the oldest public building in Belfast, Clifden House —74the Belfast Charitable Society poorhouse on North Queen Street.
Rapid industrial growth in the nineteenth century drew in landless Catholics from outlying rural and western districts, most settling to the west of the town. The plentiful supply of cheap labour helped attract the English and Scottish capital to Belfast, but it was also a cause of insecurity. Protestant workers organised to secure their access to jobs and housing, gave a new lease of life in the town to the once largely rural Orange Order.
Sectarian tensions were heightened by movements to repeal research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58 Acts of Union which followed the rebellion and to restore a Parliament in Dublin. Given the progressive enlargement of the British electoral franchise, this would have had an overwhelming Catholic majority and, it was widely believed, interests inimical to the Protestant and industrial north. In and the issue had helped trigger deadly sectarian riots. Sectarian tension was not in itself unique to Belfast: it was shared with Liverpool and Glasgow, cities that following the Great Famine had also experienced large scale Irish Catholic immigration.
Inworkers in all three cities struck for a ten-hour reduction in the working week. In Belfast—notwithstanding the political friction caused by Sinn Féin 's electoral triumph in the south—this involved some 60, research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58, workers, Protestant and Catholic, in a four-week walk-out.
In a demonstration of their resolve not to submit to a Dublin parliament, in Belfast City Hall unionists presented the Ulster Covenantwhich, with an associated Declaration for women, was to accumulate oversignatures. This was followed by the drilling and eventual arming of astrong Ulster Volunteer Force.
The crisis was abated by the onset of the Great Warthe sacrifices of the UVF in which continue to be commemorated in the city Somme Day by unionist and loyalist organisations. Inresearch paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58, as the greater part of Ireland seceded as the Irish Free StateBelfast became the capital of the six counties remaining as Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom.
In the devolved parliament for the region was housed in new buildings at Stormont on the eastern edge of the city. In —21, as the two parts of Ireland drew apartup to people were killed in disturbances in Belfast, the bloodiest period of strife in the city until the Troubles of the late s onwards.
Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II. Initial raids were a surprise as the city was believed to be outside of the range of German bomber planes.
In one raid, inGerman bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a night raid during the Blitz. In the spring ofthe German Luftwaffe appeared twice over Belfast. In addition to the shipyards and the Shorts Brothers aircraft factory, the Belfast Blitz severely damaged or destroyed more than half the city's housing stock, devastated the old town centre around High Street, and killed over a thousand people.
At the end of World War II, the Unionist Government undertook programmes of " slum clearance " the Blitz had exposed the "uninhabitable" condition of much city's housing which involved decanting population out of mill, and factory, constructed terraced streets into new peripheral housing estates. The cost was borne by the British Exchequer. In what the Unionist government understood as its reward for wartime service, London had agreed that parity in taxation between Northern Research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58 and Great Britain should be matched by parity in the services delivered.
Belfast has been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. The most recent example of this conflict was known as the Troubles — a civil conflict that raged from the late s to Belfast saw some of the worst of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, particularly in the s, with rival paramilitary groups formed on both sides.
Bombing, assassination and street violence formed a backdrop to life throughout the Troubles. In December15 people, including two children, were killed when the Ulster Volunteer Force UVF bombed McGurk's Barthe greatest loss of life in a single incident in Belfast.
Most of their victims were Catholics with no links to the Provisional IRA. In the deadliest event, known as the Ballymurphy massacrebetween 9 and 11 August members of the Parachute Regiment killed at least nine civilians. A coroner's report found that all those killed had been innocent and that the killings were "without justification". During the s and s Belfast was one of the world's most dangerous cities. During the Troubles the Europa Hotel suffered 36 bomb attacks becoming known as "the most bombed hotel in the world".
Belfast was granted borough status by James VI and I in and official city status by Queen Victoria in For elections to the European ParliamentBelfast was within the Northern Ireland constituency. Belfast City Council is the local council with responsibility for the city. The city's elected officials are the Lord Mayor of BelfastDeputy Lord Mayor and High Sheriff who are elected from among 60 councillors.
The first Lord Mayor of Belfast was Daniel Dixonwho was elected in The Lord Mayor's duties include presiding over meetings of the council, receiving distinguished visitors to the city, representing and promoting the city on the national and international stage. Inunionists lost overall control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history, with the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland gaining the balance of power between nationalists and unionists. This position was confirmed in four subsequent council elections, with mayors from Sinn Féin and the Social Democratic and Labour Party SDLPboth of whom are nationalist parties, and the cross-community Alliance Party regularly elected since.
The first nationalist Lord Mayor of Belfast was Alban Maginness of the SDLP, in As Northern Ireland's capital city, Belfast is host to the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormontthe site of the devolved legislature for Northern Ireland. Belfast is divided into four Northern Ireland Assembly and UK parliamentary constituencies: Belfast NorthBelfast WestBelfast South and Belfast East. All four extend beyond the city boundaries to include parts of CastlereaghLisburn and Newtownabbey districts.
In the Northern Ireland Assembly Elections inBelfast elected 20 Members of the Legislative Assembly MLAs5 from each constituency. Belfast elected 7 Sinn Féin5 DUP2 SDLP3 Alliance Party1 UUP1 Green and 1 PBPA MLAs. This comprised 3 DUP and 1 Sinn Féin. In the UK general electionthe DUP lost two of their seats in Belfast; to Sinn Féin in North Belfast and to the SDLP in South Belfast. Belfast is at the western end of Belfast Lough and at the mouth of the River Lagan giving it the ideal location for the shipbuilding industry that once made it famous.
When the Titanic was built in Belfast in —, Harland research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58 Wolff had the largest shipyard in the world. A consequence of this northern latitude is that it both endures short winter days and enjoys long summer evenings. During the winter solsticethe shortest day of the year, local sunset is before while sunrise is around This is balanced by the summer solstice in June, when the sun sets after and rises before Ina weir was built across the river by the Laganside Corporation to raise the average water level so that it would cover the unseemly mud flats which gave Belfast its name [63] from Irish Béal Feirste 'The sandy ford at the river mouth'.
The River Farset is also named after this silt deposit from the Irish feirste meaning "sand spit". Originally a more significant river than it is today, the Farset formed a dock on High Street until the mid 19th century. Bank Street in the city centre referred to the river bank and Bridge Street was named for the site of an early Farset bridge. There are no less than twelve other minor rivers in and around Belfast, namely the Blackstaff, the Colin, the Connswater, the Cregagh, the Derriaghy, the Forth, the Knock, the Legoniel, the Loop, the Milewater, the Purdysburn and the Ravernet.
The city is flanked on the north and northwest by a series of hills, including Divis MountainBlack Mountain and Cavehillthought to be the inspiration for Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver's Travels.
When Swift was living at Lilliput Cottage near the bottom of Belfast's Limestone Road, he imagined that the Cavehill resembled the shape of a sleeping giant safeguarding the city. As with the vast majority of the rest of Ireland, Belfast has a temperate oceanic climate Cfb in the Köppen climate classificationresearch paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58, with a narrow range of temperatures and rainfall throughout the year.
The climate of Belfast is significantly milder than most other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream. There are currently five weather observing stations in the Belfast area: Helen's BayStormont, Newforge, Castlereagh, and Ravenhill Road.
Slightly further afield research paper on training and development in hotel industry bt58 Aldergrove Airport. The city gets significant precipitation greater than 1mm on days in an average year with an average annual rainfall of millimetres The nearest weather station for which sunshine data and longer term observations are available is Belfast International Airport Aldergrove. Temperature extremes here have slightly more variability due to the more inland location.
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, time: 10:18Belfast - Wikipedia
Belfast (UK: / ˈ b ɛ l f ɑː s t / BEL-fahst, elsewhere / ˈ b ɛ l f æ s t /; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland Belfast (UK: / ˈ b ɛ l f ɑː s t / BEL-fahst, elsewhere / ˈ b ɛ l f æ s t /; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland Belfast (UK: / ˈ b ɛ l f ɑː s t / BEL-fahst, elsewhere / ˈ b ɛ l f æ s t /; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland
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